Understanding gradients in industrial bioreactors

Gradients in industrial bioreactors have attracted substantial research attention since exposure to fluctuating environmental conditions has been shown lead changes the metabolome, transcriptome as well population heterogeneity industrially relevant microorganisms. Such also found impact key process parameters like yield on substrate and productivity. Hence, understanding gradients is important from both academic perspectives. In this review causes of are outlined, along with their microbial physiology. Quantifying requires a detailed fluid flow inside equipment This critically examines approaches used investigate including large-scale experimental work, computational methods scale-down approaches. Avenues for future work highlighted, particularly need further coordinated development silico tools which can be current equipment.